Daily Health Tips

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Daily Health Tips Biography
Experts agree the key to healthy eating is the time-tested advice of balance, variety and moderation. In short, that means eating a wide variety of foods without getting too many calories or too much of any one nutrient. These 10 tips can help you follow that advice while still enjoying the foods you eat.

See Reference Guide for: Vitamins   Minerals   Amino Acids   Herbs   Special Nutrients   Anti-Oxidants
 Dietary Fibers   Nutritional Greens   Digestive Nutrients   also see   Nutritional Glossary   INDEX

Eat a variety of nutrient-rich foods. You need more than 40 different nutrients for good health, and no single food supplies them all. Your daily food selection should include bread and other whole-grain products; fruits; vegetables; dairy products; and meat, poultry, fish and other protein foods. How much you should eat depends on your calorie needs. Use the Food Guide Pyramid and the Nutrition Facts panel on food labels as handy references.
Enjoy plenty of whole grains, fruits and vegetables. Surveys show most Americans don't eat enough of these foods. Do you eat 6-11 servings from the bread, rice, cereal and pasta group, 3 of which should be whole grains? Do you eat 2-4 servings of fruit and 3-5 servings of vegetables? If you don't enjoy some of these at first, give them another chance. Look through cookbooks for tasty ways to prepare unfamiliar foods.
Maintain a healthy weight. The weight that's right for you depends on many factors including your sex, height, age and heredity. Excess body fat increases your chances for high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, some types of cancer and other illnesses. But being too thin can increase your risk for osteoporosis, menstrual irregularities and other health problems. If you're constantly losing and regaining weight, a registered dietitian can help you develop sensible eating habits for successful weight management. Regular exercise is also important to maintaining a healthy weight.
Eat moderate portions. If you keep portion sizes reasonable, it's easier to eat the foods you want and stay healthy. Did you know the recommended serving of cooked meat is 3 ounces, similar in size to a deck of playing cards? A medium piece of fruit is 1 serving and a cup of pasta equals 2 servings. A pint of ice cream contains 4 servings. Refer to the Food Guide Pyramid for information on recommended serving sizes.
Eat regular meals. Skipping meals can lead to out-of-control hunger, often resulting in overeating. When you're very hungry, it's also tempting to forget about good nutrition. Snacking between meals can help curb hunger, but don't eat so much that your snack becomes an entire meal.
Reduce, don't eliminate certain foods. Most people eat for pleasure as well as nutrition. If your favorite foods are high in fat, salt or sugar, the key is moderating how much of these foods you eat and how often you eat them.
Identify major sources of these ingredients in your diet and make changes, if necessary. Adults who eat high-fat meats or whole-milk dairy products at every meal are probably eating too much fat. Use the Nutrition Facts panel on the food label to help balance your choices.
Choosing skim or low-fat dairy products and lean cuts of meat such as flank steak and beef round can reduce fat intake significantly.
If you love fried chicken, however, you don't have to give it up. Just eat it less often. When dining out, share it with a friend, ask for a take-home bag or a smaller portion.
Balance your food choices over time. Not every food has to be "perfect." When eating a food high in fat, salt or sugar, select other foods that are low in these ingredients. If you miss out on any food group one day, make up for it the next. Your food choices over several days should fit together into a healthy pattern.
Know your diet pitfalls. To improve your eating habits, you first have to know what's wrong with them. Write down everything you eat for three days. Then check your list according to the rest of these tips. Do you add a lot of butter, creamy sauces or salad dressings? Rather than eliminating these foods, just cut back your portions. Are you getting enough fruits and vegetables? If not, you may be missing out on vital nutrients.
Make changes gradually. Just as there are no "superfoods" or easy answers to a healthy diet, don't expect to totally revamp your eating habits overnight. Changing too much, too fast can get in the way of success. Begin to remedy excesses or deficiencies with modest changes that can add up to positive, lifelong eating habits. For instance, if you don't like the taste of skim milk, try low-fat. Eventually you may find you like skim, too.
Remember, foods are not good or bad. Select foods based on your total eating patterns, not whether any individual food is "good" or "bad." Don't feel guilty if you love foods such as apple pie, potato chips, candy bars or ice cream. Eat them in moderation, and choose other foods to provide the balance and variety that are vital to good health.
See Reference Guide for: Vitamins   Minerals   Amino Acids   Herbs   Special Nutrients   Anti-Oxidants
 Dietary Fibers   Nutritional Greens   Digestive Nutrients   also see   Nutritional Glossary   INDEX

Figuring Out Fat

With so much information available about the effects of dietary fat on health, understanding the role fat plays in a well-balanced diet can be pretty confusing. To cut through the confusion, it's important to remember that fat is an essential nutrient that everyone needs to stay healthy.

Fat is a valuable energy source and carries fat-soluble vitamins needed for proper growth and development. It also contributes important taste and textural qualities that are part of enjoying food.

Too much fat, however, can increase the risk of heart disease, obesity and other health problems. When moderating fat intake, it's important to consider these points:

Health authorities recommend Americans consume 30 percent or less of their total daily calories from fat, with 10 percent or less of those calories from saturated fat. Remember, the 30 percent refers to your total fat intake over time, not single foods or meals. Use the following chart to guide your fat intake.
If you eat this Total fat Total saturated
number of calories per day fat per day
per day: (grams) (grams)

1,600 53 or less 18 or less
2,000 65 or less 20 or less
2,200 73 or less 24 or less
2,500 80 or less 25 or less

Use the Nutrition Facts panel on the food label to help determine how much fat is in foods. Remember, it's the total fat intake over time that's important. A food high in fat can be part of a healthy diet as long as it's balanced with other lower-fat food choices.
All fats are a combination of saturated, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. Each of these types of fats have different effects on the body, but all contain nine calories per gram.
Blood cholesterol levels are influenced by family history, weight, age, smoking, physical activity and eating habits. Studies have shown that diets which are too high in certain saturated fatty acids and dietary cholesterol can raise blood cholesterol.
See Reference Guide for: Vitamins   Minerals   Amino Acids   Herbs   Special Nutrients   Anti-Oxidants
 Dietary Fibers   Nutritional Greens   Digestive Nutrients   also see   Nutritional Glossary   INDEX

The Food Guide Pyramid

The Food Guide Pyramid is a practical tool to help you make food choices that are consistent with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Using the Pyramid enables you to eat a variety of foods daily so that you can get the nutrients you need.

To make the most of the Pyramid, you need to know what counts as a serving.

Food Group--Serving Size
Bread--1 slice bread, 1\2 bagel or English muffin, 1 ounce ready-to-eat cereal, 1\2 cup cooked cereal, rice or pasta, or 5-6 small crackers
Vegetable--1 cup raw, leafy vegetables, 1\2 cup cooked or chopped raw vegetables or 3\4 cup vegetable juice
Fruit--1 medium piece of fruit, 1\2 cup mixed fruit or 3\4 cup fruit juice
Milk--1 cup milk or yogurt, 11\2 ounces natural cheese or 2 ounces process cheese
Meat--2 - 3 ounces cooked lean meat, poultry or fish (about the size of a deck of cards)
Other foods which count as 1 ounce meat: 1\2 cup cooked dry beans, 1 egg, 2 tablespoons peanut butter or 1\3 cup nuts
See Reference Guide for: Vitamins   Minerals   Amino Acids   Herbs   Special Nutrients   Anti-Oxidants
 Dietary Fibers   Nutritional Greens   Digestive Nutrients   also see   Nutritional Glossary   INDEX

If You Want To Know More

A nutrition expert can help you develop a personal action plan for improving your eating habits while keeping the fun in food. A registered dietitian (R.D.) is an authority on food, nutrition and health, and can provide valuable information and advice.

To locate a registered dietitian in your area, ask your physician, or call the consumer nutrition hot line (800/366-1655) of the National Center for Nutrition and Dietetics, the public education center of The American Dietetic Association. Registered dietitians are available to answer your food and nutrition questions Monday through Friday from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. central time. In addition, you can listen to nutrition messages in English and Spanish, Monday through Friday from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. central time.

International Food Information Council Foundation
1100 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
Suite 430
Washington, DC 20036
Reprinted from the International Food Information Council Foundation, 1994

Cosponsored by:
The American Dietetic Association

Also see:
Phytochemicals: Nutrients Of The Future
Antioxidants: An Antidote to Aging?
Better Eating for Better Aging
Nutrition Is Key To Successful Aging: Kidd
Latest Concepts in Nutrition
Life Long Weight Management for Health and Happiness
New Perspectives on Diet and Cancer
Upbeat on Fiber for Longer Life and Better Health
A Refresher On Water for Long Life and Health
Daily Recommendations: Vitamins, Minerals & Trace Elements
Suggested Readings and Guide References

See Reference Guide for: Vitamins   Minerals   Amino Acids   Herbs   Special Nutrients   Anti-Oxidants
 Dietary Fibers   Nutritional Greens   Digestive Nutrients   also see   Nutritional Glossary   INDEX

Daily Health Tips

Daily Health Tips

Daily Health Tips

Daily Health Tips

Daily Health Tips

Daily Health Tips

Daily Health Tips

Daily Health Tips

Daily Health Tips

Daily Health Tips

Daily Health Tips

Types Of Cancer

Source(google.com.pk)
Types Of Cancer Biography
Cancer is an encompassing term for cells and tissues causing disastrous damage to the body. There are several types of cancer associated with different organs. Tumors are formed in one particular organ. Later, they may or may not spread to the other parts of the body.


Majority of the people are familiar with few types of cancer, such as: blood cancer, breast cancer, oral cancer, lung cancer and brain cancer. These are known names because they affect many and there is substantial effort to raise awareness about them. However, there are more types of cancer which are also fatal, and require immediate attention.

Very broadly, there are various types of cancer based on the body parts. Blood cancer, endocrine cancer, breast cancer, eye cancer, respiratory cancer, head and neck cancer, skin cancer, genitourinary cancer, gynecologic cancer, brain cancer, gastrointestinal cancer and bone cancer. Each of these categories has a few more specific types classified under them.

Cancer selects its patients regardless of sex or color, or any other criterion. While it is a popular myth that breast cancer affects only women, the truth is that it affects more women, as compared to men. Men are also susceptible to breast cancer. Currently, skin cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer and bladder cancer are on a rampage and are affecting more than millions of people worldwide.

Authorities across the globe are waking up to the hazards of cancer and are taking steps to educate children and youngsters about the different types of cancer and what can be done to keep them at bay. While many types are too scientific, some are simple enough to educate the school going children and boost their knowledge.

While the world’s medical fraternity is finding methods to curb the growth of cancer, they are also discovering new types that are posing new challenges to the world.

Types Of Cancer

Types Of Cancer

Types Of Cancer

Types Of Cancer

Types Of Cancer

Types Of Cancer

Types Of Cancer

Types Of Cancer

Types Of Cancer

Types Of Cancer

Types Of Cancer

Cancer And Treatments

Source(google.com.pk)
Cancer And Treatments Biography
The day finally arrived on Wednesday for the Cancer Treatment Centers of America hospital at Ashley Park in Newnan to accept its first patients. And as they began to arrive from across the Southeastern United States, patients and their families entered a state-of-the-art facility that looks more like a luxury hotel.

Groundbreaking ceremonies for the hospital were held just over a year ago. Now one year later, the 226,000 square-foot, all-digital hospital features 50 beds, ICU rooms, surgical suites, state-of-the-art radiation and infusion therapy departments, an on-site outpatient clinic, rehabilitation and physical therapy and on-site residential accommodations for outpatients and their families.

Essentially amounting to a brand difference in its approach, CTCA treats the whole person, not just the cancer, and combines advanced medical technologies with supportive therapies such as nutrition, acupuncture, oncology rehab and mind-body medicine, CTCA officials said.



CTCA is quick to acknowledge its patient-centered approach. That approach extends beyond the wide array of therapy and abundant staff. Amenities at the hospital include pick-up services at Hartsfield-Atlanta Airport, 60 guest rooms for patients and caregivers, full-service RV and camper facilities, valet parking, shuttle service to area shopping venues, a full-service salon, roof-top terraces and meals prepared by chef Roy Khoo.

The hospital in Newnan is CTCA’s entre to the Southeastern U.S. Intended to serve cancer patients from across the region, CTCA estimates that at least 65 percent of its patients will come from outside Georgia. CTCA also operates hospitals in suburban Chicago, Tulsa, Philadelphia and Phoenix.

For Coweta County there is also an economic impact that accompanies the CTCA opening. The hospital was expected to open with 170 staff and will increase that number to 270 by September 2013. CTCA within the first five years of operation expects to have a staff of 500.

In terms of the local economy, CTCA has projected a local economic impact of $500 million in the first five years of operation. That impact will come from the hundreds of new jobs, the relocating of many of those staff to the Coweta County area and from the new businesses and jobs such as restaurants and hotels that will be created as a result of the CTCA’s presence.

Cancer And Treatments

Cancer And Treatments

Cancer And Treatments

Cancer And Treatments

Cancer And Treatments

Cancer And Treatments

Cancer And Treatments

Cancer And Treatments

Cancer And Treatments

Cancer And Treatments

Cancer And Treatments

About Cancer Treatment

Source(google.com.pk)
About Cancer Treatment Biography
Cancer treatment depends on the cancer type, where it began, and whether it's spread (plus general health and personal choices). Often more than one treatment's usedCancer can be treated by surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and monoclonal antibody therapy. The choice of therapy depends upon the location and grade of the tumor and the stage of the disease, as well as the general state of the patient (performance status). A number of experimental cancer treatments are also under development.
Complete removal of the cancer without damage to the rest of the body is the goal of treatment. Sometimes this can be accomplished by surgery, but the propensity of cancers to invade adjacent tissue or to spread to distant sites by microscopic metastasis often limits its effectiveness; chemotherapy and radiotherapy can unfortunately have a negative effect on normal cells.[1]
Because "cancer" refers to a class of diseases,[2][3] it is unlikely that there will ever be a single "cure for cancer" any more than there will be a single treatment for all infectious diseases.[4] Angiogenesis inhibitors were once thought to have potential as a "silver bullet" treatment applicable to many types of cancer, but this has not been the case in practice.[5]
Contents  [hide]
1 Types of treatments
1.1 Surgery
1.2 Radiation therapy
1.3 Chemotherapy
1.4 Targeted therapies
1.5 Immunotherapy
1.6 Hormonal therapy
1.7 Angiogenesis inhibitors
2 Symptom control and palliative care
2.1 Hospice in cancer
3 Research
3.1 Ultrasound energy
3.2 Exosome research
4 Complementary and alternative
5 Special circumstances
5.1 In pregnancy
5.2 In utero
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
[edit]Types of treatments

The treatment of cancer has undergone evolutionary changes as understanding of the underlying biological processes has increased. Tumor removal surgeries have been documented in ancient Egypt, hormone therapy was developed in 1896, and radiation therapy was developed in 1899. Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy, and newer targeted therapies are products of the 20th century. As new information about the biology of cancer emerges, treatments will be developed and modified to increase effectiveness, precision, survivability, and quality of life.
[edit]Surgery
In theory, non-hematological cancers can be cured if entirely removed by surgery, but this is not always possible. When the cancer has metastasized to other sites in the body prior to surgery, complete surgical excision is usually impossible. In the Halstedian model of cancer progression, tumors grow locally, then spread to the lymph nodes, then to the rest of the body. This has given rise to the popularity of local-only treatments such as surgery for small cancers. Even small localized tumors are increasingly recognized as possessing metastatic potential.
Examples of surgical procedures for cancer include mastectomy for breast cancer, prostatectomy for prostate cancer, and lung cancer surgery for non-small cell lung cancer. The goal of the surgery can be either the removal of only the tumor, or the entire organ. A single cancer cell is invisible to the naked eye but can regrow into a new tumor, a process called recurrence. For this reason, the pathologist will examine the surgical specimen to determine if a margin of healthy tissue is present, thus decreasing the chance that microscopic cancer cells are left in the patient.
In addition to removal of the primary tumor, surgery is often necessary for staging, e.g. determining the extent of the disease and whether it has metastasized to regional lymph nodes. Staging is a major determinant of prognosis and of the need for adjuvant therapy.
Occasionally, surgery is necessary to control symptoms, such as spinal cord compression or bowel obstruction. This is referred to as palliative treatment.
If surgery is possible and appropriate, it is commonly performed before other forms of treatment, although the order does not affect the outcome.[6] In some instances, surgery must be delayed until other treatments are able to shrink the tumor.
[edit]Radiation therapy
Main article: Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy, X-ray therapy, or irradiation) is the use of ionizing radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation therapy can be administered externally via external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) or internally via brachytherapy. The effects of radiation therapy are localised and confined to the region being treated. Radiation therapy injures or destroys cells in the area being treated (the "target tissue") by damaging their genetic material, making it impossible for these cells to continue to grow and divide. Although radiation damages both cancer cells and normal cells, most normal cells can recover from the effects of radiation and function properly. The goal of radiation therapy is to damage as many cancer cells as possible, while limiting harm to nearby healthy tissue. Hence, it is given in many fractions, allowing healthy tissue to recover between fractions.
Radiation therapy may be used to treat almost every type of solid tumor, including cancers of the brain, breast, cervix, larynx, lung, pancreas, prostate, skin, stomach, uterus, or soft tissue sarcomas. Radiation is also used to treat leukemia and lymphoma. Radiation dose to each site depends on a number of factors, including the radiosensitivity of each cancer type and whether there are tissues and organs nearby that may be damaged by radiation. Thus, as with every form of treatment, radiation therapy is not without its side effects.
[edit]Chemotherapy
Main article: Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is the treatment of cancer with drugs ("anticancer drugs") that can destroy cancer cells. In current usage, the term "chemotherapy" usually refers to cytotoxic drugs which affect rapidly dividing cells in general, in contrast with targeted therapy (see below). Chemotherapy drugs interfere with cell division in various possible ways, e.g. with the duplication of DNA or the separation of newly formed chromosomes. Most forms of chemotherapy target all rapidly dividing cells and are not specific to cancer cells, although some degree of specificity may come from the inability of many cancer cells to repair DNA damage, while normal cells generally can. Hence, chemotherapy has the potential to harm healthy tissue, especially those tissues that have a high replacement rate (e.g. intestinal lining). These cells usually repair themselves after chemotherapy.
Because some drugs work better together than alone, two or more drugs are often given at the same time. This is called "combination chemotherapy"; most chemotherapy regimens are given in a combination.[7]
The treatment of some leukaemias and lymphomas requires the use of high-dose chemotherapy, and total body irradiation (TBI). This treatment ablates the bone marrow, and hence the body's ability to recover and repopulate the blood. For this reason, bone marrow, or peripheral blood stem cell harvesting is carried out before the ablative part of the therapy, to enable "rescue" after the treatment has been given. This is known as autologous stem cell transplantation. Alternatively, hematopoietic stem cells may be transplanted from a matched unrelated donor (MUD).
[edit]Targeted therapies
Main article: Targeted therapy
Targeted therapy, which first became available in the late 1990s, has had a significant impact in the treatment of some types of cancer, and is currently a very active research area. This constitutes the use of agents specific for the deregulated proteins of cancer cells. Small molecule targeted therapy drugs are generally inhibitors of enzymatic domains on mutated, overexpressed, or otherwise critical proteins within the cancer cell. Prominent examples are the tyrosine kinase inhibitors imatinib (Gleevec/Glivec) and gefitinib (Iressa).
Monoclonal antibody therapy is another strategy in which the therapeutic agent is an antibody which specifically binds to a protein on the surface of the cancer cells. Examples include the anti-HER2/neu antibody trastuzumab (Herceptin) used in breast cancer, and the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab, used in a variety of B-cell malignancies.
Targeted therapy can also involve small peptides as "homing devices" which can bind to cell surface receptors or affected extracellular matrix surrounding the tumor. Radionuclides which are attached to these peptides (e.g. RGDs) eventually kill the cancer cell if the nuclide decays in the vicinity of the cell. Especially oligo- or multimers of these binding motifs are of great interest, since this can lead to enhanced tumor specificity and avidity.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a ternary treatment for cancer involving a photosensitizer, tissue oxygen, and light (often using lasers[8]). PDT can be used as treatment for basal cell carcinoma (BCC) or lung cancer; PDT can also be useful in removing traces of malignant tissue after surgical removal of large tumors.[9]
[edit]Immunotherapy


A renal cell carcinoma (lower left) in a kidney specimen.
Main article: Cancer immunotherapy
Cancer immunotherapy refers to a diverse set of therapeutic strategies designed to induce the patient's own immune system to fight the tumor. Contemporary methods for generating an immune response against tumours include intravesical BCG immunotherapy for superficial bladder cancer, and use of interferons and other cytokines to induce an immune response in renal cell carcinoma and melanoma patients. Vaccines to generate specific immune responses are the subject of intensive research for a number of tumours, notably malignant melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. Sipuleucel-T is a vaccine-like strategy in late clinical trials for prostate cancer in which dendritic cells from the patient are loaded with prostatic acid phosphatase peptides to induce a specific immune response against prostate-derived cells.
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation ("bone marrow transplantation" from a genetically non-identical donor) can be considered a form of immunotherapy, since the donor's immune cells will often attack the tumor in a phenomenon known as graft-versus-tumor effect. For this reason, allogeneic HSCT leads to a higher cure rate than autologous transplantation for several cancer types, although the side effects are also more severe.
The cell based immunotherapy in which the patients own Natural Killer cells(NK) and Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes(CTL) are used has been in practice in Japan since 1990. NK cells and CTLs primarily kill the cancer cells when they are developed. This treatment is given together with the other modes of treatment such as Surgery, radiotherapy or Chemotherapy and called as Autologous Immune Enhancement Therapy (AIET)[10] [11]
[edit]Hormonal therapy
Main article: Hormonal therapy (oncology)
The growth of some cancers can be inhibited by providing or blocking certain hormones. Common examples of hormone-sensitive tumors include certain types of breast and prostate cancers. Removing or blocking estrogen or testosterone is often an important additional treatment. In certain cancers, administration of hormone agonists, such as progestogens may be therapeutically beneficial.
[edit]Angiogenesis inhibitors
Main article: Angiogenesis inhibitor
Angiogenesis inhibitors prevent the extensive growth of blood vessels (angiogenesis) that tumors require to survive. Some, such as bevacizumab, have been approved and are in clinical use. One of the main problems with anti-angiogenesis drugs is that many factors stimulate blood vessel growth in cells normal or cancerous. Anti-angiogenesis drugs only target one factor, so the other factors continue to stimulate blood vessel growth. Other problems include route of administration, maintenance of stability and activity and targeting at the tumor vasculature.[12]
[edit]Symptom control and palliative care

Although the control of the symptoms of cancer is not typically thought of as a treatment directed at the cancer, it is an important determinant of the quality of life of cancer patients, and plays an important role in the decision whether the patient is able to undergo other treatments. Although doctors generally have the therapeutic skills to reduce pain, Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhage and other common problems in cancer patients, the multidisciplinary specialty of palliative care has arisen specifically in response to the symptom control needs of this group of patients.
Pain medication, such as morphine and oxycodone, and antiemetics, drugs to suppress nausea and vomiting, are very commonly used in patients with cancer-related symptoms. Improved antiemetics such as ondansetron and analogues, as well as aprepitant have made aggressive treatments much more feasible in cancer patients.
Cancer pain can be associated with continuing tissue damage due to the disease process or the treatment (i.e. surgery, radiation, chemotherapy). Although there is always a role for environmental factors and affective disturbances in the genesis of pain behaviors, these are not usually the predominant etiologic factors in patients with cancer pain. Some patients with severe pain associated with cancer are nearing the end of their lives, but in all cases palliative therapies should be used to control the pain. Issues such as social stigma of using opioids, work and functional status, and health care consumption can be concerns and may need to be addressed in order for the person to feel comfortable taking the medications required to control his or her symptoms. The typical strategy for cancer pain management is to get the patient as comfortable as possible using the least amount of medications possible but opioids, surgery, and physical measures are often required. In the past doctors have been reluctant to prescribe narcotics for pain in terminal cancer patients, for fear of contributing to addiction or suppressing respiratory function. The palliative care movement, a more recent offshoot of the hospice movement, has engendered more widespread support for preemptive pain treatment for cancer patients. The World Health Organization also noted uncontrolled cancer pain as a worldwide problem and established a "ladder" as a guideline for how practitioners should treat pain in patients who have cancer [13]
Cancer-related fatigue is a very common problem for cancer patients, and has only recently become important enough for oncologists to suggest treatment, even though it plays a significant role in many patients' quality of life.
[edit]Hospice in cancer
Hospice is a group that provides care at the home of a person that has an advanced illness with a likely prognosis of less than 6 months. As most treatments for cancer involve significant unpleasant side effects, a patient with little realistic hope of a cure or prolonged life may choose to seek comfort care only, forgoing more radical therapies in exchange for a prolonged period of normal living. This is an especially important aspect of care for those patients whose disease is not a good candidate for other forms of treatment. In these patients, the risks related to the chemotherapy may actually be higher than the chance of responding to the treatment, making further attempts to cure the disease impossible. Of note, patients on hospice can sometimes still get treatments such as radiation therapy if it is being used to treat symptoms, not as an attempt to cure the cancer.
[edit]Research

Main article: Experimental cancer treatment
Clinical trials, also called research studies, test new treatments in people with cancer. The goal of this research is to find better ways to treat cancer and help cancer patients. Clinical trials test many types of treatment such as new drugs, new approaches to surgery or radiation therapy, new combinations of treatments, or new methods such as gene therapy.
A clinical trial is one of the final stages of a long and careful cancer research process. The search for new treatments begins in the laboratory, where scientists first develop and test new ideas. If an approach seems promising, the next step may be testing a treatment in animals to see how it affects cancer in a living being and whether it has harmful effects. Of course, treatments that work well in the lab or in animals do not always work well in people. Studies are done with cancer patients to find out whether promising treatments are safe and effective.
Patients who take part may be helped personally by the treatment they receive. They get up-to-date care from cancer experts, and they receive either a new treatment being tested or the best available standard treatment for their cancer. At the same time, new treatments also may have unknown risks, but if a new treatment proves effective or more effective than standard treatment, study patients who receive it may be among the first to benefit. There is no guarantee that a new treatment being tested or a standard treatment will produce good results. In children with cancer, a survey of trials found that those enrolled in trials were on average not more likely to do better or worse than those on standard treatment; this confirms that success or failure of an experimental treatment cannot be predicted.[14]
[edit]Ultrasound energy
Ultrasound energy is being studied as a form of therapy.
[edit]Exosome research
Exosomes are lipid-covered microvesicles shed by solid tumors into bodily fluids, such as blood and urine. Current research is being done attempting to use exosomes as a detection and monitoring method for a variety of cancers.[15][16] The hope is to be able to detect cancer with a high sensitivity and specificity via detection of specific exosomes in the blood or urine. The same process can be used to more accurately monitor a patients treatment progress as well. Enzyme linked lectin specific assay or ELLSA has been proven to directly detect melanoma derived exosomes from fluid samples.[17] Previously, exosomes had been measured by total protein content in purified samples and by indirect immunomodulatory effects. ELLSA directly measures exosome particles in complex solutions, and has already been found capable of detecting exosomes from other sources, including ovarian cancer and tuberculosis-infected macrophages.
Exosomes secreted by tumors are also believed to be responsible for triggering programmed cell death (apoptosis) of immune cells; interrupting T-cell signaling required to mount an immune response; inhibiting the production of anti-cancer cytokines, and has implications in the spread of metastasis and allowing for angiogenesis.[18] Studies are currently being done with Lectin Affinity Plasmapheresis (LAP),[17] LAP is a blood filtration method which selectively targets the tumor based exosomes and removes them from the bloodstream. It is believed that decreasing the tumor secreted exosomes in a patients bloodstream will slow down progression of the cancer while at the same time increase the patients own immune response.
[edit]Complementary and alternative

Main article: Alternative cancer treatments
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatments are the diverse group of medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not part of conventional medicine and have not been shown to be effective.[19] "Complementary medicine" refers to methods and substances used along with conventional medicine, while "alternative medicine" refers to compounds used instead of conventional medicine.[20] CAM use is common among people with cancer; a 2000 study found that 69% of cancer patients had used at least one CAM therapy as part of their cancer treatment.[21] Most complementary and alternative medicines for cancer have not been rigorously studied or tested. Some alternative treatments which have been investigated and shown to be ineffective continue to be marketed and promoted.[22]
[edit]Special circumstances

[edit]In pregnancy
The incidence of concurrent cancer during pregnancy has risen due to the increasing age of pregnant mothers[23] and due to the incidental discovery of maternal tumors during prenatal ultrasound examinations.
Cancer treatment needs to be selected to do least harm to both the woman and her embryo/fetus. In some cases a therapeutic abortion may be recommended.
Radiation therapy is generally out of the question, and chemotherapy always poses the risk of miscarriage and congenital malformations.[23] Little is known about the effects of medications on the child.
Even if a drug has been tested as not crossing the placenta to reach the child, some cancer forms can harm the placenta and make the drug pass over it anyway.[23] Some forms of skin cancer may even metastasize to the child's body.[23]
Diagnosis is also made more difficult, since computed tomography is infeasible because of its high radiation dose. Still, magnetic resonance imaging works normally.[23] However, contrast media cannot be used, since they cross the placenta.[23]
As a consequence of the difficulties to properly diagnose and treat cancer during pregnancy, the alternative methods are either to perform a Cesarean section when the child is viable in order to begin a more aggressive cancer treatment, or, if the cancer is malignant enough that the mother is unlikely to be able to wait that long, to perform an abortion in order to treat the cancer.[23]

About Cancer Treatment

About Cancer Treatment

About Cancer Treatment

About Cancer Treatment

About Cancer Treatment

About Cancer Treatment

About Cancer Treatment

About Cancer Treatment

About Cancer Treatment

About Cancer Treatment

About Cancer Treatment

Cancer Treatments

Source(google.com.pk)
Cancer Treatments Biography
Cancer treatments are very diverse and depend on many factors, such as type, location and extent of the disease, the general condition of the patient. The drugs aimed at the destruction of either / displacement cancer cells, or to deprive the cells of signals of cell division, which eventually leads to death, or to stimulate the body's own defenses.

Drugs can be divided into several groups, based on the goals and methods of their actions. Often use a combination of of various types of drugs. Simultaneously or sequentially. The following paragraph describes some of the most common ways to treat cancer; they are arranged in the order in which they are most often used. The type of treatment and order products choose doctor and patient. Surgery: It is usually the initial step in the treatment of many large tumors. If the cancer is detected at an early stage of development then surgery is sufficient to remove all cancer cells and cure the patient. Benign tumors can be removed surgically.

Surgical procedures are reduced to the removal of the affected tissues within normal tissues (including partial removal of organs with surrounding tissues, such as lymph nodes). The aim of surgery is to remove the source, preventing the spread of metastases, Unlocking and (or) the restoration of the bodies. Unlocking and (or) rehabilitation of the organs, which is blocked, because of tumor. In extensive tumors lesions, the above mentioned goals are unattainable, because large volumes of surgery (removal of organs, parts and tissues) can make the organism viable. In most cases, surgery combined with chemotherapy or radiotherapy, which slowing growth tumor and metastasis.

Radiation therapy: Can be used in conjunction with surgery and / or treatment with drugs. The purpose of radiation is killing cancer cells by damage to their high-energy rays.

Radiation therapy is a local cancer treatment methods, because targets only the tumor cells in the irradiated region. Radiation therapy is usually used in early stages of tumor to cure the patient. In addition, this method can be used before surgery to reduce the size of the tumor or after surgery to prevent recurrence (return) of the disease. Radiation therapy may be used to relieve pain, caused by tumor growth or metastasis, for example in bone. In some cases, radiation therapy can be carried out prophylactically, without obvious signs of tumor growth, but when there is a high probability of the process in the field. An example is cranial radiation in patients with small-cell cancer lung, when the risk of brain damage is high.cancer Ionizing radiation is divided into two main types: 1) photons (X-rays and gamma rays). 2) radiation particles (electrons, protons, neutrons, alpha particles and beta particles). Some types of radiation have more energy than others. The higher the energy of the radiation, the deeper in the tissue penetrating rays. For each patient selected individual method of radiation exposure.

The most common types radiation therapy are as follows:

1. High-energy photons from radioactive sources (cobalt, cesium) or linear accelerator.

2. Electron beams to irradiate superficial tumors.

3. Proton irradiation – efficiently affect for deep tumors, without damaging the tissue through which they pass.

4. Neutron irradiation – is used for the treatment of tumors of the head, neck and prostate.

Chemotherapy: This term is used to refer to a large number of drugs used to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy drugs damage the dividing cancer cells and prevent their further division.



Modern chemotherapy is a very effective method of cancer treatment with drugs. However, chemotherapy drugs are extremely toxic, causing undesirable effects: disruption of the vital organs, hair loss, stomatitis. But the application of this method is justified, because after chemotherapy patients experience a regression of the tumor or a cure for cancer, complete disappearance of the disease. Prescribe a course of chemotherapy should very careful, because the drugs affect not only cancer cells but also healthy, including, causing irreversible changes in the body. Distinguish polychemotherapy monochemotherapy. It is important that cancer chemotherapy can significantly reduce the risk of further tumor development. Chemotherapy is the most affordable and effective method of treatment. In general, the duration of chemotherapy depends on the stage of the disease and complications.

Hormone therapy: These drugs inhibit the growth of cancer cells due to the fact that not allow cells to receive signals necessary for their continued growth and division.

Hormone therapy is used to treat cancer breast and prostate.

Breast cancer: About 70% of breast cancers are more or less hormone-dependent. In other words, the emergence and growth of these tumors a leading role was played by the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone. Based on this, we can conclude that if we can stop this effect, the tumor growth stopped. How can we know whether this type of tumors dependent on hormones? And, if so, to what extent? The answer to this question have specialist histology. Professionals getting pieces of the tumor, taken by biopsy, paint them with special dyes and under the microscope see on the surface of cells traces of paint. This is not a simple color, this biological product that is able to recognize on the cell surface specific receptors for hormones. Through these receptors and cell receives signals from the hormones. Under normal conditions, these signals lead to a simple cell growth but in the conditions malignant growth – rapid, and most importantly, uncontrolled growth and division of cancer cells. Influencing on hormone or the receptor. Stopping the hormone synthesis or blocking the action of the hormone on the receptor, we can stop the hormonal effect on tumor cell and, thus, to stop their uncontrolled division.

Hormonal drugs used in the treatment of breast cancer can be divided into groups according to the method of their impact on tumor cell. The first group, known in oncology for decades, called conditionally anti-estrogens. These drugs affect not affect hormones, they affect hormone receptors. Drugs attach to receptors block them and do not allow signal from hormone penetrate into cell. Other drugs not only block the receptors, and completely destroy them. Another type of drugs disrupt the synthesis (creation) of hormones. In recent years, hormone therapy has made a very big step forward.

For prostate cancer: The use of hormone therapy In advanced stages of the disease gives good results. The use of hormone therapy in the treatment of early forms of prostate cancer is ineffective, as shown by recent studies. Hormone therapy is widely used in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer, accompanied by the spread of metastases. The purpose of hormone therapy is to block the effects of the male sex hormone (testosterone) in the cells of the prostate. Basic principles of hormone therapy is either to suppress the production of testosterone in the male, or to prevent its effects on prostate tissue.

Specific inhibitors: This class of drugs is relatively new in the treatment of cancer. They act on specific proteins or processes, which are mainly localized in the cancer cells. Inhibition of these processes prevents the growth and division of cancer cells.

- Specific inhibitors of protein kinases – one of the most promising areas of cancer therapy.

- Inhibitors mTor (mammalian target of rapamycin).  mTor is a key signaling protein, who is responsible for the signaling pathways of malignant cells. MTor inhibition of protein reduces tumor growth and to increase the sensitivity of tumors to the damaging effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Using the initial drugs of this class is associated with a number of limitations – toxicity of the drug, a low sensitivity of some types of cancer to this method. But now developed and conducted clinical trials of new drugs in this class that have less toxicity. These anticancer agents have shown high efficiency both as a monotherapy and in combination with chemotherapy; today, these drugs are used to treat cancer of the lung, breast, stomach, kidney, lymphoma (defeat lymphatic tissue) and glioblastoma (an aggressive type of brain tumor).

- Inhibitors tyrosine protein-kinases. Tyrosine kinases act on the cells of the body to react with tyrosine (aromatic amino acid) which participates in neoplastic processes. Inhibition of individual kinases leads to a pronounced positive effect.

Additional methods of cancer treatment

Antibodies: This treatment is based on the use of antibodies to attack cancer cells. While antibodies are naturally occurring proteins in our body, antibodies used to treat cancer, been adapted for use as drugs. Antibodies may work by different mechanisms, or depriving cancer cells required signals or causing cell death. Due to its specificity antibodies can be classified to specific inhibitors.

Biological response modifiers: These products use natural normal proteins to stimulate the body's own defenses in response to the cancer.

Vaccines: The purpose of vaccines is stimulation of the body's defenses. Vaccines typically contain proteins found on cancer cells or produced by them. Acceptance of these proteins is increase the response of the organism to the occurrence of cancer cells.

Antioxidants: It has long been known that oxidative stress is a cause of cancer or a booster. Antioxidants are removed from the body of free radicals (which cause oxidative stress). And improve the patient's condition. There were cases of complete recovery. These mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Many scientists do not accept this cancer treatment (treating it as ineffective). But the possibility of a positive effect of antioxidants on cancer been proved in some studies and reviews of people.

Cancer Treatments

Cancer Treatments

Cancer Treatments

Cancer Treatments

Cancer Treatments

Cancer Treatments

Cancer Treatments

Cancer Treatments

Cancer Treatments

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Cancer Treatments